Household Food Security and poverty reduction strategies for HIV affected
families
At the end of this section you will be provided with
references older than
2004.
Allison EH, Seeley JA. HIV and AIDS among fisher folk: a threat to
'responsible fisheries'? Fish and Fisheries, 2004, 5(3):215-234.
This article explains how the fishing community has been affected by the
pandemic, and its response. In fishing communities the HIV/AIDS pandemic was
first dealt as a public health issue, and most projects were focusing on
education and health care provision. Recently, as the social and economic
impacts of the epidemic have become evident, wider social service provision
and economic support have been added. The authors draw together the existing
data on HIV/AIDS prevalence in fishing communities and review explanations for
the observed or presumed high prevalence of HIV in these communities. This
article outlines some of the key implications of the epidemic on fishing
households, the likely impacts on fishery production, fisheries management and
development planning. The article ends with what is being done and what
remains to be done to fight HIV/AIDS in communities engaged in fishing.
Click here for the summary.
NEW! Byron E, Chapoto A, Drinkwater M et al.
AIDS and agriculture in Zambia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2007,
28(S2):339-344.
Click here for the Pubmed summary.
NEW! FAO. Pocketbook on integrating HIV/AIDS
considerations into food security and livelihoods projects. Pocket Book Version.
Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Click here for
the entire article.
NEW! FAO. Responding to HIV/AIDS in the
fisheries sector. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Click here for
the entire article.
NEW! FAO. HIV/AIDS and the Livestock sector.
Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Click here for
the entire article.
FAO/ SEAGA. Addressing HIV/AIDS through
Agriculture and Natural Resource Sectors: a guide for extension workers. Rome,
Food and Agriculture Organization, 2004.
In most developing countries, populations depend on agriculture for
subsistence, ranging from 15-30% of the population in the Caribbean to 80% in
Africa. The impact of HIV/AIDS erodes the major income of rural household by
depleting their labour force, reducing their range of knowledge and skills, and
weakening their capacity to feed themselves and preserve adequate levels of
nutrition. At national level the pandemic is even in some countries reversing
the development gain made during recent decades. For years the rural dimension
of the epidemic has being underestimated. Many of the lead agencies addressing
the disease have limited experience in working with rural communities, and
extension workers, which are familiar to rural communities, have limited
experience in the field of HIV/AIDS. Therefore, this document has been prepared
to enlarge extension worker skills to the field of HIV/AIDS to strengthen the
response to the pandemic. The document is divided into 3 parts: 1 - provides
basic information about HIV/AIDS and its impact in the context of rural
household and communities; 2 - identifies tools which allowed extension workers
to understand the disease in their rural communities prior to respond to the
pandemic in their work activities; 3 - provides an overview of the different
ways in which agriculture and natural resource sectors may contribute to food
and nutrition security in the context of HIV/AIDS in rural settings. The
document finally proposes a relevant bibliography of manuals and guides prepared
by FAO.
Click here
for the entire article.
FAO/ UNDP. African-Asian Agriculture against AIDS. Rome, Food and
Agriculture Organization; Bangkok, United Nation Development Programme, 2004.
The UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme and FAO jointly
organized a consultation in order to formulate innovative approaches 1-to enable
countries to face the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS pandemic, 2-to build stronger
links among those who are addressing the problem and 3-to take action together
towards avoiding potentially disastrous consequences. The consultation was held
in Bangkok from 11 to 13 December 2002, and sought to identify the crucial role
agriculture could play in reducing HIV vulnerability as well as to explore the
benefits of cooperation between Africa and Asia.
Click
here for the entire article.
NEW! Fox PM, Rosen S, MacLeod WB et al. The
impact of HIV/AIDS on labour productivity in Kenya. Tropical Medicine and
International Health, 2004, 9(3): 318-324.
The authors aimed to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on individual labour
productivity during disease progression. Retrospective data was used to
investigate the productivity and attendance of Kenyan tea estate workers who
died or were medically retired because of AIDS-related causes. Longitudinal
regression was used to compare 54 workers who died or were medically retired
because of AIDS to 217 healthy workers. HIV-positive workers plucked less tea
in the 18 months preceding AIDS-related termination and used more leave in the
3 years before termination. After adjusting for age and environmental factors,
infected workers plucked between 4.11 and 7.93 kg/day less in the last year
and a half before termination. They used more sick leave days, more annual
leave days, more casual leave days and spent more days doing less tiring tasks
in the 2 years before termination than did healthy workers. Tea pluckers who
terminated because of AIDS-related causes earned 16.0% and 17,7% less in their
2 last years before termination.
Click here for Pubmed summary.
Gillespie S, Kadiyala S. HIV/AIDS and Food and Nutrition Security: from
evidence to action. Washington, DC, International Food and Policy Research
Institute, 2005.
This document is the first and the most comprehensive to examine the
effects of the complex relationship between HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition
security. Thus HIV/AIDS precipitates and exacerbates food and nutrition
insecurity-and the spread of HIV/AIDS is accelerated when people are in a
situation of lack of food, due to their comportments or to external facts.
This paper reviews more than 150 studies linking HIV/AIDS and food and
nutrition security. It draws a detailed evidence base of what is actually
known about the interactions between HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition security,
including economy, epidemiology, nutrition, and sociology. The objectives of
this document are to: 1-demonstrate the need to have a comprehensive approach
to investigate how HIV/AIDS is affecting people and communities, and
government in order to better understand the various risks, impacts and
responses, 2-review the evidence of the causes and processes that contribute
to the spread of HIV, and the impacts of AIDS and early death, and 3-review
the responses to these risks and impacts from micro to macro level, along with
the implications for international agencies.
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the entire article.
Gillespie S and Kadiyala S. HIV/AIDS and
food and nutrition security: interactions and response. American Journal of
Agricultural Economics. 2005, 87(5): 1282-1288.
This useful article provides information on the interactions between
HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition security, and proposes some answers concerning
appropriate responses to the situation. The first part of this article defines
concepts and maps potential interactions between HIV/AIDS and food and
nutrition security. The second part focuses on what is known about how food
and nutrition insecurity may increase the risk of exposure to HIV infection.
Topics covered include gender, mobility, orphanhood, malnutrition, maternal
nutritional status to minimize vertical transmission, and the ways through
which HIV/AIDS impacts food and nutrition security. A conceptual tool is
provided to help agricultural and other development policies to become more
“HIV-responsive”. The authors finally highlight a few important research gaps.
Click here for a summary.
IFPRI. AIDS, poverty, and hunger:
challenges and responses. Washington, DC, International Food and Policy Research
Institute, 2005.
This complete document presents the highlights of the international
conference on HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition security that took place in
April 2005 in Durban. It proposes a wide approach to food security and poverty
reduction in the context of HIV/AIDS. The document describes the interactions
between poverty, food and nutrition security and the risk of being infected
with HIV. Some chapters focus on policy and programme responses to these
interactions, whereas others examine both interactions and responses. With the
conference and this document IFPRI wishes to bring researchers and
practitioners together to review the existing evidence and its implications
for future food- and nutrition-relevant policies and to highlight remaining
knowledge gaps. This book aims to serve as a benchmark and a resource for
researchers, policymakers, and practitioners who fight the combined threats of
AIDS, poverty, and hunger.
The pdf version of this
document has been divided into sections to ease viewing, downloading and
printing.
IFPRI. Durban conference. HIV/AIDS and
Food and Nutrition Security From Evidence to Action. Durban, South Africa, April
14-16, 2005.
The International Food and Policy Research Institute presents the conference
programme that took place between 14-16 April in Durban, South Africa.
Summaries, working papers (PDF) and power point presentations are available for
the 3 days.
Click here for the entire article.
NEW! IFPRI, RENEWAL. Integrating Nutrition
Security with Treatment of People Living with HIV: Lessons being Learned in
Kenya. International Food Policy Research Institute, Regional Network on AIDS,
Livelihoods and Food Security. 1 September 2006.
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entire article.
Jooma MB. Southern Africa Assessment:
Food security and HIV/AIDS. African Security Review, 2005, 14(1):59-66.
This article proposes an overview of the most severe and interrelated
humanitarian issues in Southern Africa. HIV/AIDS and food insecurity are
identified, particularly in rural context, as the factors that have the most
negative impact on humanitarian issues. The document presents, related with food
security, the current needs of the region. It explores the food security theme
through different point of view, including agricultural planning and economic
liberalization. It then presents, with examples, the impacts of HIV/AIDS in the
context of a sustainable development strategy for poverty reduction and food
security. The article concludes by a call for effective cross-cutting attention,
and proposes that the current immediate and short-term emergency relief and
long-term development relationship should be reviewed to prevent a simple
reactionary form of assistance, particularly food aid.
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entire article.
Kadiyala S, Gillespie S. Rethinking food aid to fight AIDS. Food and
Nutrition Bulletin, 2004, 25(3):271-282.
This paper highlights particular opportunities that food assistance may
present to prevent HIV progression and to enhance care and mitigation. It has
taken two decades for HIV/AIDS to be recognized as a serious threat to
development and human security by governments and by humanitarian and
development agencies. Few have changed their policies and procedures to adjust
to these new realities. Nowadays it is admit that food and nutrition are
linked to HIV transmission and to the global impact of AIDS. The authors
propose to use an "HIV/AIDS lens", to help understand the way HIV/AIDS
interacts with other problems. This article provides some background on the
nature of HIV/AIDS shock, its implications for people's livelihoods, on the
potential role of development food aid, including the preservation of
livelihoods and basic survival. The importance of focusing on a objective
before analyzing in detail existing food aid programme type and their possible
contribution to reduce vulnerability to HIV/AIDS is also approached. The
article also proposes strategic issues where "HIV/AIDS lens" can be applied.
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entire article.
Lemke S. Nutrition security, livelihoods
and HIV/AIDS: implications for research among farm worker households in South
Africa. Public Health Nutrition, 2005, 8(7) : 844–852.
Previous research on farm-worker households in South Africa found that they
were among the most vulnerable of all social strata with regard to income,
health status, household nutrition security and education. Previous research
also revealed that, besides low socio-economic status, underlying social
causes have a negative influence on the nutritional situation of school
children. Multidisciplinary research approaches have been conducted to
investigate underlying social causes for nutrition insecurity, but up to now
the findings have not been satisfactory. Therefore, this paper intends to give
an overview on nutrition security in South Africa and its link with poverty,
livelihoods and HIV/AIDS, and ends with conclusions for research in the
specific setting of farm worker households.
Click here for PubMed summary.
Mason JB, Bailes A, Mason KE et al.
AIDS, drought, and child malnutrition in southern Africa. Public Health
Nutrition. 2005, 8(6): 551-563.
This epidemiological analysis aims to investigate trends in child
malnutrition in six countries in southern Africa in the context of HIV
epidemic and drought during years 2001-2003. Data from Lesotho, Malawi,
Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe concerning weight-for-age of
children 0-5 years and HIV prevalence were collected, analysed and
recommendations given. Importantly, the most vulnerable may no longer be in
the rural areas, but it occurs that the semi-urban households may be the most
vulnerable and to whom resources need to be directed. The causes of this
vulnerability need further investigations. HIV/AIDS interacts with drought and
amplifies the effects of malnutrition, so in case of other drought the
response needs to be rapid and effective. Therefore specific nutritional
surveillance is needed to monitor and respond to deteriorating trends. Even in
normal years HIV epidemic leads to deterioration in child nutrition and
well-being. The authors call for new means of bringing help, comfort and
assistance to the child population.
Click here for Pubmed summary.
Piwoz EG and Bentley ME. Women’s voices,
women’s choices: the challenge of nutrition and HIV/AIDS. The Journal of
Nutrition. 2005, 135: 933-937.
This document introduces and summarizes the rational for the symposium on
Women and the challenge of nutrition and HIV/AIDS in Asia and Africa that took
place in 2004. The symposium aimed at highlighting the challenge facing
HIV-infected women living in resource limited settings of Asia and Africa in
connection to the everyday decisions which they are forced to make about their
own and their children's health and nutrition. The focus is on women because
they have to support much of the burden of HIV infection in terms of their
numbers and their responsibilities for providing food and care for children,
orphans and HIV-affected family members.
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entire article.
WHO. Nutrition and HIV: Report by the
secretariat. 59th World Health Assembly. World Health Organization. May 4, 2006.
This annual document describes activities undertaken at national, regional
and global levels relating to nutrition and HIV/AIDS and highlights efforts
made since May 2004. These activities were strengthened after the
recommendations of the Durban consultation and the deliberations of the
Executive Board, which formed the basis for drawing up priorities and a plan
of work to guide WHO’s work in this area.
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here for the entire article.
Wiegers E, Curry J, Garbero A et al. Patterns of vulnerability to AIDS
impacts in Zambian households. Development and Challenge, 2006, 37(5):
1073-1092.
HIV/AIDS is currently the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa. In
Zambia it is estimated that about 16% of the population aged between fifteen
and forty nine years are infected by HIV and that 630’000 children have been
orphaned because of the pandemic. Beyond the direct impact of the dramatic
prevalance of HIV/AIDS in some Sub-Saharan countries, a far higher percentage
of non-infected people are affected by the presence of the disease in their
household or must cope with the death of a family member. The burden of
sickness, nursing the chronically ill, premature death, and caring for AIDS
orphans is manifested in the reduction of human, financial and physical
capital and the disruption of social support mechanism for large numbers of
families. Some research have been exploring the impact of the epidemic on
rural households in Africa. The pandemic have raised the numbers and
representation of various household categories such as those headed by women,
the elderly and orphans, and households that recently suffered an adult death.
This article highlights that households and household members are not affected
in a uniform way, but differ in the vulnerability levels with certain groups
being harder hit than others. This article explores the differences in
vulnerability to the impact of HIV/AIDS on food security among various
household categories in northern Zambia and compared to households that are
not affected by the disease. The authors propose that HIV/AIDS affected
households should not be treated as a homogeneous group. The understanding of
the differences in vulnerability could play a major policy role in designing
targeted and sustainable support.
Click here for official summary.
Websites:
Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. New Website on HIV/AIDS and
food security.
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome Declaration on World Food
Security.
Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. HIV/AIDS, food security and
nutrition.
Food Insecurity and
Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems. An Inter-agency initiative to
promote information and mapping systems on food insecurity and vulnerability.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sustainable development
department. List of publications relating HIV and Food Security.
The Development Gateway Foundation. Food security.
The Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. List of publications
relating HIV/AIDS and nutrition.
The International Food and
Policy Research Institute. HIV/AIDS and food security.
IFPRI
publications on Food Security
The International Food and
Policy Research Institute. RENEWAL (Regional Network on HIV/AIDS, Rural
Livelihoods and Food Security): Publications on Food Security
World Food Programme: A front-line defense against HIV/AIDS.
In this section you will find documents older than 2004:
AED/ USAID/ The Mitchell Group.
Multisectoral Responses to HIV/AIDS: A Compendium of Promising Practices from
Africa. Washington, DC, The Academy for Educational Development, 2003.
The multisectoral, and therefore complex nature of HIV/AIDS is nowadays fully
recognized. Thus many organizations working in Africa, particularly those not
involved in health, have been feeling the effects of HIV/AIDS on their
programmes. Therefore, some organizations asked for guidance in how to address
these complicated issues. An effective response demands committed, urgent, and
sustained action by alliances of individuals, organizations and governments.
This document brings information on 22 practices that may help private voluntary
organization and nongovernmental organization working in their field within the
HIV/AIDS pandemic. These practices are not intended to be best practice because
most of them are very new, and therefore do not have measurable results. The
document is divided in chapters that provide, for example, information about
agriculture, food security and nutrition, and conflict and humanitarian relief
in the context of HIV/AIDS.
Click here for the entire article.
The Association for International
Agriculture and Rural Development. The agriculture, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS
connections in developing countries. Association for International Agriculture
and Rural Development and USAID, 2003.
This paper provides information on the different ways rural poverty,
undernutrition, and HIV/AIDS are interweaved in developing countries. It
proposes particular cross-sector investment strategies that can be used more
effectively to fight these three elements. The paper is divided in 5 chapters.
Three of them present how undernutrition, rural poverty and HIV/AIDS are
intimately linked, and the last chapter presents recommendations on how
agriculture, nutrition, and health programmes can be better coordinated,
designed, and administered together.
Click here for the
entire article.
FAO. Food security and HIV/AIDS: an update. Committee on world food
security: 29th session, May 12-13, 2003. Rome, Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2003.
This update summarizes some recent epidemiological trends, reviews the
impact of AIDS on food and livelihood security, and highlights the role of
poverty alleviation and improved food security in stemming the spread and
mitigating the impact of the epidemic. Special attention is paid to the
current situation in Southern Africa, where an acute food shortage coincides
with some of the most advanced HIV epidemics.
Click here for the entire article.
FAO: Nutrition Programmes Services. Incorporating HIV/AIDS considerations
into food security and livelihood projects. Rome, Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2003.
This document details how to incorporate HIV/AIDS considerations into food
security and livelihood projects with a focus on protecting and promoting
nutritional well-being among people living with HIV/AIDS and those affected by
the disease. This guide is intended to be used by people involved in related
policy formulation, project management and technical support. It outlines the
relationship between HIV/AIDS and food, nutrition and livelihood security, and
provides a series of keys HIV/AIDS related questions and tools.
Click here for the entire article.
Loevinsohn M, Gillespie S. HIV/AIDS, food security and rural livelihoods:
understanding and responding. RENEWAL Working paper No. 2, 2003.
The authors describe the kinds of understanding and responding that are
needed for agriculture, food and nutrition-relevant organizations to
effectively fight HIV/AIDS. Some underlying principles that need to be grasped
in order to understand the variable and changing nature of AIDS epidemics are
approached. The implications of this understanding for the ways in which
different people, in affected households, communities and in affected sectors,
may best respond is examined. The paper also focuses on the particular
importance of food and nutrition for the four conventional aspects of response
- prevention, care, treatment and mitigation. The document then stresses on a
flexible and evolving aid, the HIV/AIDS lens, and the processes through which
agricultural and professionals can learn to employ aid in order to respond
more effectively.
Click here
for the entire article.
Mphale MM, Rwambali EG, Makoae MG. HIV/AIDS and its impacts on land tenure
and livelihoods in Lesotho. Rome, Unpublished report for the Food and
Agriculture Organization, 2002.
The spread of HIV/AIDS in Lesotho, and in other African countries,
threatens the access, use and rights to land among community members and
erodes the human resource. This has implications for the land tenure system,
which at present does not make allowances for the realities of HIV/AIDS facing
many agrarian societies. This study makes a contribution to documenting the
impacts of HIV/AIDS on land issues and people’s livelihoods. The aim of this
document is : 1-to identify the coping strategies that households affected by
HIV/AIDS adopt in order to survive, 2-to assess how these coping strategies
are related to land tenure provisions and their implications for food security
and sustainable livelihoods, 3-to document the experiences of affected
families regarding protection of the land rights of widows and orphans, 4-to
find out the extent to which the provision for leases has provided
opportunities for households affected by HIV/AIDS, and 5-to determine the link
between HIV/AIDS and increasing land sales and conversions. The document ends
with a series of recommendations for improving the response to HIV/AIDS.
Click here for the entire article.
Piot P et al. AIDS and Food Security. Washington, DC, International Food
and Policy Research Institute, 2002.
These two essays on HIV/AIDS and food security are reprint from The
International Food and Policy Research Institute's 2001-2002 annual report.
Click here for
the entire article.
Rosegrant MW, Cline SA. Global food security: challenges and policies.
Science, 2003, 302(5652):1917-1919.
This article addresses global food security challenges, including, but not
focusing on HIV/AIDS. Factors like climate changes, agricultural research,
water scarcity, poverty reduction are also mentioned. It ends with positive
but severe proposals for reducing food insecurity, starting with reform of
currently accepted agricultural practices, and investment in research, water
and transport infrastructure.
Click here for the Pubmed summary.
Stokes S. Measuring impacts of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihoods and food
security. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003.
Measuring the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihoods and food security is
an important path as a necessary step in the development, monitoring and
evaluation of mitigation efforts. The purpose of this systematic analysis is
to examine general patterns of the impacts of HIV/AIDS on rural livelihood
assets and to propose a set of indicators to measure these impacts. This paper
proposes that all rural households possess five sets of livelihood assets,
capabilities and activities through which they seek to earn their living. Each
of the five capital assets - human, financial, natural, social and physical
capital - are demonstrated to be impacted by the epidemic and therefore need
to be further researched.
Click here for the
entire article.
WFP. Programming in the Era of AIDS: WFP's Response to HIV/AIDS. Executive
Board First Regular Session, February 5-7, 2003. WFP/EB.1/2003/4-B. Rome, World
Food Programme, 2003.
This policy paper reflects what is known so far about HIV/AIDS and food
security, and describes the practical considerations identified that are
necessary for successful project implementation. It reviews the relationship
between food security and HIV/AIDS and identifies specific vulnerable groups.
It also identifies specific programme areas where WFP has a significant role
to play in supporting the food security of families and communities affected
by AIDS. This paper highlights some key programming areas where a different
emphasis and modified approach are necessary to meet the emerging needs of
food-insecure families and individuals deeply affected by the AIDS pandemic.
Click here for
the entire article.
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