HIV/AIDS Pandemic (Global Reports)
Anabwani G, Nazario P. Nutrition and
HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Nutrition, 2005, 21:96-99.
Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS. The
impact of the pandemic is worsened by the presence of other conditions such as
malnutrition and opportunistic infections. HIV/AIDS became over the past decade
the leading cause of death in Africa. The consequences of the pandemic on
families, communities and nations is devastating. The response to this pandemic
differs by country, and therefore this article presents a short but appropriate
overview of national response in Uganda, Botswana and South Africa. The document
also briefly displays the interaction between HIV/AIDS and nutrition, and those
between food and antiretroviral therapy.
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Hecht R, Alban A,Taylor K et al. Putting
it together: AIDS and the Millennium Development Goals. PloS Med, 2006,
3(11):1992-1998.
This policy document reviews the literature on the impact of AIDS on
selected Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and explores the links between
fighting AIDS and improving other development outcomes. The authors reviewed
published documents over years 2000-2005. They give a comprehensive overlook
of the effects of HIV/AIDS on several Goals of the MDGs: eradicating extreme
poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, reducing child
mortality, improving maternal health and combating malaria and tuberculosis.
Some nutrition-related aspects are also covered.
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Kadiyala, S, Barnett T. AIDS in India:
Disaster in the making. Economic and Political Weekly, 2004, 39 (19):1888–1892.
This article proposes a view of HIV/AIDS in India, arguing and explaining why
and how HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading so quickly. While TB and malaria are
currently the number one killers in India, inaction could make AIDS the leading
cause of death. A decade after setting up the National AIDS Control
Organization, the nation is still debating the accuracy of HIV/AIDS statistics.
The article conclude by an appeal to politicians, civil servants, the educated,
business and community leaders to take responsibility to promote the rights of
the vulnerable and lead the fight against HIV/AIDS.
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Lau C, Muula AS. HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Croatian Medical Journal,
2004, 45(4):402-414.
This review focuses on the most severely region affected by HIV/AIDS,
Sub-Saharan Africa. It considers issues about HIV/AIDS and Sub-Saharan Africa,
including the impact of HIV/AIDS on the society, discussing about key factors
that are contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS, how countries are combating the
problem in the facts and the outlook for HIV in the future. The review also
focuses on specific populations like women (those of childbearing age), orphans
and the elderly, those who need special considerations and explains the reason
of their high vulnerability. In addition, the article looks at the consequences
of cultural considerations on the HIV/AIDS pandemic. It ends with lessons
learned about the pandemic in Africa, and call a for prevention programmes that
must respond to region-specific needs.
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article.
The Office of the United States Global
AIDS Coordinator with the collaboration of the United States Departments of
State Defense, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services and the Peace Corps.
Engendering Bold Leadership: The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.
First Annual Report to Congress. Washington, DC, USAID, 2005.
This first Annual Report describes the progress of the President’s Emergency
Plan from the first appropriation of funds by the Congress on January 23, 2004
through September 30, 2004. The purpose of the Emergency Plan is to bring
specific healthcare to 15 of the most HIV/AIDS affected countries, but it
maintains active HIV/AIDS programme in additional 96 countries by encouraging
bold leadership, innovation, and accountability in the fight against the
pandemic. The highlighted countries represent about half of the 39 million
people living with HIV/AIDS. In these nations the Plan aims, by 2008, to support
treatment for 2 millions people living with HIV/AIDS, prevent 7 million new
infections, and support care for 10 million people, including orphans and
vulnerable children, infected and affected by the pandemic. This report does not
focus on nutrition, but stresses the encouraging results that have been done in
prevention, treatment and care, while trying to build local capacity for
sustainability.
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for the entire article.
U.S. President's Emergency Plan for Relief of HIV/AIDS (PEPFAR) country profile:
Piwoz E et al. Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: Evidence, gaps, and priority
actions. The Support for Analysis and Research in Africa (SARA) project. 2004
This document summarizes the evidence, gaps, and priority actions related to
nutrition and HIV/AIDS. It brings a global view about the nutrition and
HIV/AIDS, and provides information about energy requirement, disease progression
under micronutrient deficiencies, and about malnutrition during HIV infection.
The complex interactions between livelihoods, food security and HIV/AIDS is also
discussed. The endpoint support that nutrition counseling, care and support are
integral to comprehensive HIV care.
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NEW! UNAIDS/ WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update:
December 2007. Geneva, Joint United Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS and World
Health Organization, 2007.
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UNAIDS/ WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update:
December 2006. Geneva, Joint United Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS and World
Health Organization, 2006.
This annual release of the Epidemic Update provide global information about
the epidemic. Some progress has been seen in recent years in worldwide efforts
to address the epidemic, including access to effective treatment and care.
Nonetheless the total number of people living with HIV continue to progress in
every region of the world and is estimated to be 39,5 million at the end of
2006. In 2006, it is estimated that 4,3 million people acquired HIV and 3,1
million people died due to the pandemic. The report highlights trends in the
development of the pandemic. Globally and in every region, more adult women
than ever before are now living with HIV.
The PDF version of the
report has been divided into sections to ease viewing, downloading and
printing. The report is available in English, French, Spanish, Russian and
German.
UNAIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS
epidemic: A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition. Geneva, Joint United Nation
Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2006.
This report on the global AIDS epidemic is intended to be the most
comprehensive set of data on the country response to the AIDS epidemic ever
compiled. Thus 126 countries submit full reports, and for the first time civil
society was actively engaged in the collection, review and analysis of these
data. Thirty separate reports from civil society were received by UNAIDS,
allowing a more comprehensive assessment of political commitment, quality and
equity of service coverage, and the effectiveness of efforts to address stigma
and discrimination. The report presents a comprehensive overview of the
pandemic, including: the progress made in countries, the impact of AIDS on
people and societies, comprehensive HIV prevention, treatment and care, the
ways to reduce the impact of AIDS, the essential role of the civil society,
and handling the funding of the response to HIV/AID. In the annexes the
document proposes country profile, HIV and AIDS estimates and data, 2005 and
2003, and also presents country progress indicators.
Click here for the entire report. (The pdf version has been divided into
sections to ease downloading and printing.)
UNAIDS/ WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update:
December 2005. Geneva, Joint United Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS and World
Health Organization, 2005.
The total number of people living with HIV rose in 2005 to reach its
highest level ever: an estimated 40,3 million people are living with the
virus. About 4,9 million people acquired HIV in 2005. The global AIDS epidemic
killed 3,1 million people in 2005. This annual very useful and
complete report provides global information about the epidemic.
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the entire article. (The pdf version of the report has been divided into
sections to ease downloading and printing.)
UNAIDS. 2004 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Joint United
Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2004.
This executive summary provides general information about the epidemic, and
is divided in 7 developed sections: Responding to AIDS; Global Overview; Impact
of AIDS; Bringing comprehensive HIV prevention to scale; Treatment, care and
support for people living with HIV; Financing the response to AIDS; and National
responses to AIDS.
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entire article.
UNAIDS. Follow-up to the 2001 United Nations General Assembly Special
Session on HIV/AIDS: Progress Report on the Global Response to the HIV/AIDS
Epidemic. UNAIDS/03.37E. Geneva, Joint United Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS,
2003.
In 2001, during the special session on HIV/AIDS, the 189 member states of the
United Nation General Assembly adopted the Declaration of Commitment. This
Declaration reflects global consensus on a comprehensive framework for effective
action to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halting and beginning to
reverse the epidemic by 2015. It is the most comprehensive assessment to date of
national response to HIV/AIDS, and is the first of what will become regular
reports by UNAIDS on the state of the global response. The complete report
reflects the key findings of the Declaration of Commitment that have been
reported up to now. Some of the key findings reported here include an increase
of resources spent to fight the pandemic, significant increase in the number of
countries that have comprehensive, multisectoral national HIV/AIDS strategies.
It also reports on what still needs to be done or what is not yet adequate. It
ends with recommendations to ensure achievement of the agreed targets in the
Declaration of Commitment. According to this report, it is perceptible that
numerous countries will not reach the policy targets, because of lack of full
compliance. Though the report considers that the aims of the Declaration of
Commitment can still be met.
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the entire article.
US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS
Relief. Policy guidance on the use of emergency plan funds to address food and
nutrition needs. September 2006.
The US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) aims to support
prevention, treatment and care for people living with HIV/AIDS. Issues
concerning food security however, are considered beyond the scope of the plan
although it recognizes that specific and targeted nutrition interventions
integrated with HIV/AIDS treatment and care programmes could improve clinical
outcomes. In the context of the AIDS pandemic, the development of sustainable
sources of food remains of major concern. Therefore the Emergency Plan intends
to work with HIV-affected nations to build linkages between HIV/AIDS
programmes and programmes that focus on sustainable agricultural development.
The aim of this policy document is to specify the appropriate use of Emergency
Plan funds for nutrition and food interventions. These recommendations are
based on the Report on food and Nutrition for people living with HIV/AIDS
(http://www.state.gov/s/gac/rl/more/2006/c18025.htm) published in May 2006.
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for the entire article.
WHO. Nutrition and HIV: Report by the
secretariat. 59th World Health Assembly. World Health Organization. May 4, 2006.
This annual document describes activities undertaken at national, regional
and global levels relating to nutrition and HIV/AIDS and highlights efforts
made since May 2004. These activities were strengthened after the
recommendations of the Durban consultation and the deliberations of the
Executive Board, which formed the basis for drawing up priorities and a plan
of work to guide WHO’s work in this area.
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here for the entire article.
WHO. Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: WHO consultation on nutrition and HIV/AIDS in
Africa. Durban, South Africa, April 10-13, 2005.
This document presents a summary of the meeting that took place in Durban,
April 2005. The conference included participants of 20 countries in eastern
and southern Africa and others from organizations in the United Nations
system, bilateral agencies, regional groups, nongovernmental organisations,
academia and other bodies. The document provides the participants’ statement
on nutrition and HIV/AIDS in Africa. After a review of present scientific
evidence and a disscussion on the programmatic experience in nutrition and
HIV/AIDS, the participants proposed conclusions on different topics such as:
macronutrients, micronutrients, pregnancy and lactation, growth, and infant
and young child feeding. It ends with recommendations for action, and stresses
that nutrition be an integral part of the response to HIV/AIDS in Africa.
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here for the entire article.
WHO, Regional Office for Africa. HIV/AIDS: epidemiological surveillance
update for the WHO African Region 2002. Harare, World Health Organization
Regional Office for Africa, 2003.
This document presents an update of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa based
mostly on data from country surveillance reports produced between 2001 and 2002.
Other data included in this report are from population-based surveys and
selected research studies. A synthesis and analysis of data issued by existing
surveillance systems is presented. The focus of the report is on the assessment
of trends in HIV prevalence within countries and sub-regions. The report is
divided in two parts. The first part presents a comprehensive review of the most
recent data in the WHO African Region as a whole. The second part consists of
country profiles that include brief descriptions of the most recent data and
trends, with a focus on young people.
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Copies of this publication can be ordered
from: bookorders@who.int
WHO. The World Health Report: 2004: changing history. Geneva, World Health
Organization, 2004.
This report shows how international organizations, national governments, the
private sector and communities can combine their strengths to expand access to
HIV/AIDS treatment, reinforce HIV prevention and strengthen health systems in
some of the countries where they are currently weakest. It explains that the
treatment initiative draws on the specific comparative strengths of
multilateral, national and actors and capitalizes on the motivating effect of
time objective. It describes the epidemiological state of HIV/AIDS pandemic and
examines the daunting challenges that lie ahead, provides evidence that the
social and economic consequences of an unchequed pandemic will be catastrophic
for many communities and countries. It stresses the need for a comprehensive
strategy that links prevention, treatment, research, and long-term care and
support for people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Copies of this publication can be ordered from:
bookorders@who.int
WHO. Investing in a comprehensive health
sector response to HIV/AIDS: Scaling up Treatment and Accelerating Prevention:
the HIV/AIDS World Health Organization plan for January 2004 - December 2005.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
The HIV/AIDS World Health Organization plan for January 2004 - December 2005
is divided into six sections which present the context for the work being
undertaken: 1 - analyzes the epidemiological situation and includes the most
recent estimates of antiretroviral coverage, the global strategic framework and
current challenges to translate this into results at the country level; 2 -
describes the comparative advantages offered by WHO, the functional areas of
activity within the HIV/AIDS area of work for 2004-2005 and the specific focus
of the programme on scaling up antiretroviral therapy and accelerating HIV
prevention; 3 - describes how WHO is structured and how resources and capacity
are being reoriented to support country-level action; 4 - illustrates how WHO
works within the United Nation system and with other partners; 5 - outlines the
resources required for 2004-2005 for WHO to accomplish its stated contribution
to HIV/AIDS; and 6 - describes the mechanisms for technical and managerial
oversight of the HIV/AIDS programme.
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entire article.
Copies of this publication can be ordered from:
bookorders@who.int.
WHO/ UNAIDS/ UNICEF/ UNFPA/ USAID/
UNESCO/ WFP/ Measure DHS/ Family Health International. National AIDS programmes:
A guide to indicators for monitoring and evaluating national HIV/AIDS prevention
programmes for young people. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
This guide presents a set of indicators to monitor and assess the
effectiveness of national HIV/AIDS prevention programmes for young people. The
aim of this guide is to help national AIDS programme managers in planning and
monitoring those programmes. The guide presents four chapters reflecting
different indicators categories : programmatic, determinants (risk factors and
protective factors), behavioral outcomes and impacts. For each category there is
a definition of the indicator, followed by a list of measurement tools. The list
details what the tool measures, how it measures it and presents its strengths
and limitations.
Click here for the entire article.
Copies of this publication can be ordered from:
bookorders@who.int.
WHO. Executive summary of a scientific review. Consultation on nutrition
and HIV/AIDS in Africa. Evidence, lesons and recommandations for action. Durban,
South Africa, 10-13 April 2005. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.
Worldwide, the number of persons infected by HIV/AIDS have reached more
than 40 million, and their number is still rising. Between 2002 and 2010, an
estimated 45 million more people are projected to be infected with HIV in low
and middle income countries if adequate prevention efforts are not undertaken.
Food shortage and malnutrition have combined with HIV/AIDS to bring some
countries to the brink of crisis. Thus, food is often identified as the most
immediate and critical need by people living with HIV/AIDS and others affected
by the pandemic. It is in this context of rising infection rates, unabated
malnutrition and the need to formulate evidence-based recommendations, that
the World Health Organization (WHO) undertook this review. The review was
conducted under the direction of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Nutrition
and HIV/AIDS. The review summarize the issues that are relevant to programme
and policy actions in resource-limited settings and covers current knowledge
in some aspects of the complex relation between nutrition and HIV/AIDS. The
area covered here are macronutrients and micronutrients, infant feeding and
HIV transmission, growth failure in HIV-infected children, nutrition of
pregnant and lactating HIV infected women, and nutritional considerations in
the use of ART in resource-limited settings. The document presents briefly the
key findings, evidence base and knowledge gaps. The complete evidence-based
documents of those 6 key areas are summarized in different sections of the
SCN’s Nutrition and HIV/AIDS webpage.
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