Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Angola

A twenty year long conflict in Angola ended with the signing of the Lusaka Protocol in November 1994. The conflict left the country in ruins - the health care system was not functioning, and large tracts of land were infested with landmines. Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced either inside the country or as refugees in neighbouring countries. Serious insecurity was reported over the following years, but in early 1997, the peace process seemed firmly established. This was. underscored by the swearing in of the Government of National Unity and Reconciliation and the initiation of many rehabilitation programmes.

Angola

However, since August 1997, the security situation in the country has deteriorated once again with numerous incidents being reported. For example, an ambush in Benguela province led to the death of six people from the UN Observer Mission for Angola (MONUA) and the German demining NGO Saint Barbara Foundation. There have also been reports of a serious deterioration in security in Huila province. Because of the uncertain security situation, UN agencies and NGOs appear reluctant to continue to pour their resources into rehabilitation programmes for fear that these might be interrupted in the event that the insecurity escalates into a much larger emergency. Therefore, such programmes have been dramatically scaled down and contingency planning initiated, especially with regard to vulnerable populations in UNITA controlled territory [IRIN 25/09/97].

There remain at least 662,000 displaced and war-affected people requiring food aid in Angola. In addition, there are 315,000 people being assisted as part of the demobilisation programme. Approximately 117,000 people have returned spontaneously to Angola from neighbouring countries in 1997. However, violence in some areas is leading to fresh population displacements. For example, recent insecurity in Benguela province has caused the displacement of up to 9,000 people. The area, is currently only accessible by helicopter, and assistance will be provided following an assessment of needs [IRIN 06/11/97, OXFAM-a 23/10/97, WFP 14/10/97, 17/10/97, 31/10/97].

The last RNIS report included information on newly displaced people in N'Zaji. At that time, wasting was measured at 10% with over 4.3% severe wasting. Since September, the number of displaced people has increased and was estimated at almost 11,000 in mid-October. Most of these people are housed with friends and family in the town, but there are over 1,000 in a camp outside of the town. There are growing concerns about the town's capacity to continue to receive such a large influx of displaced persons [WFP 17/10/97].

Over 3,800 spontaneously returning Angolan refugees from nearby countries were registered during the month of September. There are now approximately 2,100 Burundi and Rwandan refugees in Luau, Mexico province. These refugees are arriving from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) [WFP 17/10/97].

Demining in Angola is continuing in many areas. Initially, efforts were focused on clearing main logistical corridors to transport humanitarian aid by road. Now, secondary roads are being cleared in many areas to allow for the resettlement of displaced people, and implementation of rehabilitation and development projects. Cleared areas have also meant safer firewood collection and access to new water sources [WFP 31/10/97].

Overall, the affected population can be considered to be at moderate risk (category IIb in Table 1) due to continued dependence on humanitarian aid, and an apparently deteriorating security situation.

Ongoing interventions: The consolidated appeal for Angola was launched early in 1997, covering the period January-December 1997. As of mid-October, many needs outlined in the appeal remained underfunded, and only 32% of the overall funding required had been pledged or contributed. Earlier RNIS reports have flagged the need to rehabilitate the health care system and more specifically to ensure an adequate supply of essential drugs. To date, funding for such projects has not been forthcoming. These, and other funding needs must be urgently met.

The present situation in N'Zaji is likely to be similar to situations where other large numbers of returnees have concentrated. There appears to be a need to determine how to foster greater self-reliance amongst returnees and how best to support host families that are assisting returnees until the latter achieve greater self-reliance. Food security assessments of areas where there are large numbers of returnees should be regularly conducted,

2. Benin/Ghana/Togo Region

It is estimated that up to 300,000 people fled socio-political disturbances in Togo in 1993 and took refugee in neighbouring Benin and Ghana, where humanitarian assistance was provided. Between 1994-97, the political situation in Togo stabilised to the point where refugees began repatriating, both spontaneously and with assistance form UNHCR [UNHCR 27/11/97].

The repatriation programme is now successfully completed. As part of this programme, resources were made available to improve existing water and sanitation facilities, strengthen health care capacity, and implement income generation projects in areas of return. There remain some 6,000 Togolese refugees in Benin and Ghana, some of whom may repatriate after elections in Togo in 1998. An adequate, although initially slow, response to the appeal for this repatriation programme contributed considerably to the success of the operation. [UNHCR 27/11/97].

3. Burkina Faso/Mauritania - Malian Refugees

Approximately 150,000 people fled Mali in the 1990s due to a combination of famine and unrest in Mali. Many of these people took refuge in Burkina Faso and Mauritania.

Organised repatriation for those in Burkina Faso was recently completed. Some refugees, however, remain and will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis. Refugees in Mauritania began to return home in June 1995, and repatriation was completed in June 1997 [IRIN-WA 09/12/97, UNHCR 14/05/97, WFP 14/10/97].

There are concerns about the situation to which the refugees are returning in Mali. Refugees are returning to hundreds of sites in large areas of desert where access is difficult. Most of these areas are waterless, without serving roads and lack industry or commerce to provide employment for returnees. Food is reportedly a problem, and there are anecdotal reports of cases of malnutrition. Most of the returnees have only very small amounts of food reserves. Their attempts at agriculture are failing in some areas due to lack of rains or irrigation, and their livestock herds, decimated by drought and years of conflict, are not numerous enough to provide them with the meat and milk that were formerly the staples of their diet. The food situation of the returned refugees may become worse in the months to come. There are also serious problems with water supply in refugee returnee sites. Many sites do not have wells so inhabitants have to walk for several hours to the nearest water source. There are inadequate personnel and resources available to deal with these serious problems [RI 07/10/97].

Ongoing interventions: More resources are needed for programmes in refugee returnee areas. Only $6 million of the $17 million originally budgeted for this programme are currently available. Areas of refugee return lack adequate water supplies, schools, and health facilities. Quick impact projects and food for work programmes need to be funded and established in these areas. There is also a need to support government efforts to provide education and health care for these returnees. Provision of traditional medicines as included in the official Malian pharmacopoeia would be a first step in health care.

4. Burundi/Rwanda (Great Lakes) Region

There remain approximately 3.5 million people requiring humanitarian assistance in the Great Lakes Region. Security incidents appear to be intensifying in number and severity in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi and Rwanda. The insecurity is having a negative impact on the food security situation of large numbers of people; at the same time, it is hampering efforts by the humanitarian aid community to assist, particularly in Eastern DRC and Burundi. Numbers of people affected and locations overtime are summarised in the box below:

Location	Jun. 96	Sep. 96	Dec. 96	Mar 97	Jun. 97	Sep. 97	Dec. 97
Burundi	289,000	300,000	296,000	300,000	265,000	260,000	570,000
Rwanda	749,000	598,000	1,179,000	2,600,000	2,600,000	727,000	1,400,000
Tanzania	642,000	653,000	759,000	344,000	390,000	311,000	318,000
DRC	1,419,000	1,444,000	668,000	599,000	514,000	823,000	585,000
Congo/Brazzaville	-	-	-	-	-	465,000	650,000
Malawi	-	-	-	-	-	1,200	1,200
Total	3,106,000	3,002,000	2,913,500	3,843,000	3,769,000	2,587,200	3,542,200

Burundi Insecurity has plagued the country since a coup d'etat in July 1996, and in many provinces, the security situation appears to be deteriorating. The provinces that are reportedly particularly affected are those near the border with Tanzania, and with that of the DRC.

Approximately 570,000 people are housed in 'regroupment camps' similar to camps for IDPs. These people have been grouped together ostensibly for their own protection in particularly insecure provinces. However, recent reports from some areas are of attacks on these camps. For example, an attack by insurgents on a camp in Southern Buriri left eight people dead. In another example, 4,000-5,000 people were evicted from Rwegura in Kayanza province, and the site was burned. In other more secure areas, return packages are being distributed and people are returning home [IRIN 21/10//97, 10/11/97, UNDPI 07/11/97, WFP 03/10/97, 10/10/97].

Two surveys were carried out in the regroupment camps in Kayanza province (estimated population in camps 70,000) in August 1997. In the camp in the south of the province, wasting was 12.8% with 0.9% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 1.1%. Measles immunisation coverage was 23.5% as determined by possession of an immunisation card, and 85.1% including oral verification by the mother. The under-five mortality rate was 4.7/10,000/day, four times a usual level (see Annex I (4a)). In the camp in the north of the province, wasting was 13.4% with 1.9% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 0.7%. Measles immunisation coverage was 35.4% as determined by possession of an immunisation card, and 79.3% including oral verification by the mother (see Annex I (4b)). The under-five mortality rate was 4.3/10,000/day, again four times a usual level. The ration provided to the camps has provided just under 1800 kcals/person/day [ACF Aug. 97].

THE GREAT LAKES REGION

updated by ReliefWeb: 7.6.96

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In Bubanza province (estimated population of 225,000 with 65,000 displaced), wasting was measured in six displaced and regroupment camps and found to be 13.2% with 9.2% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 6.2% (see Annex I (4c)). In addition, suspected cases of pellagra, beri-beri and scurvy were noted by the survey team. Further investigation in order to verify the presence of this micronutrient malnutrition is underway. Supplementary feeding programmes are underway and include over 6,000 beneficiaries [CAD 21/08/97, 29/11/97].

Market prices in Bubanza have increased to five times the pre-crisis level. Based on the nutrition survey in August, one meal per day was usually consumed, consisting of cassava leaves, cassava or rice. Vegetables were generally difficult to find on the market, apart from tomatoes. Water supplies are reportedly inadequate in the province and sanitation is a major problem. The communes in the north and east are inaccessible due to insecurity and cultivable land is being reportedly being sabotaged The insecurity is forcing people to remain in camps instead of going back to the fields to cultivate and in some areas is also preventing NGOs from assisting with nutritional programmes targeted to vulnerable groups [CAD 21/08/97, 29/11/97].

Since these surveys, anecdotal reports are of an 'alarming nutritional status' in many provinces. A nation-wide assessment of nutritional programmes by one NGO indicated a serious nutritional problem in areas of conflict. In addition, there are reports that feeding centres are over-burdened, in many cases caring for three times the intended number of patients. There are currently 46,000 malnourished children receiving supplementary and therapeutic feeding in Burundi [DHA 31/10/97, IRIN 19/11/97, WFP 07/11/97].

The Government of Burundi had planned to close the regroupment camps as security allowed. Current plans are to move people to smaller camps, closer to their homes. Most of these new sites are located along main roads and construction of housing is reportedly underway. However, in areas like Kayanza province where there has been no improvement in security, reinstallation of regrouped persons remains suspended [IRIN 17-23/10/97].

The internal air operation which has served as a vital link to the interior of the country cut off by insecurity, has been under threat due to shortages of funds.

Congo/Brazzaville After four months of fighting between government forces and supporters of the democratically-elected president, supporters of the former military leader took control of the capital city, the second largest city, Pointe Noire and the airport, and a formal end to the war was declared on the 16th of October 1997. However, it is reported that the security situation is not completely calm. The fighting in the country led to wide-scale population displacements both internally and as refugees to neighbouring DRC. Now that the situation is relatively stable, some people are returning to their homes. It is estimated that 650,000 people in the Congo will need humanitarian assistance over the next three months [IRIN 10-16/10/97, 22/10/97, 21/11/97, WFP 17/10/97, 14/11/97].

Recommendations have been made to provide a one month ration to returnees and a three month ration of CSB, oil and high energy biscuits to other vulnerable groups in the city. In addition, food-for-work projects will be implemented to assist in the rebuilding of the city [WFP 31/10/97].

Much of the city's infrastructure, which had been damaged in earlier fighting in 1992 after elections, has been destroyed, and since the rainy season has begun, the risk of epidemics is growing. Work currently being undertaken is intended to prevent epidemics and includes the provision of medicines, shelter, improved sanitation and provision of drinking water. There have been critical shortages of medical equipment and medicines [IFRC 06/11/97, IRIN 22/10/97].

There are a 60,000 people displaced in Pointe Noire. Food rations were distributed to this population in mid-October. There are approximately 10,000 Rwandan and Burundi refugees in two sites in Congo/Brazzaville who fled DRC during Kabila's take-over of the country [WFP 17/10/97, 24/10/97].

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) The total number of refugees and IDPs in DRC is estimated to be 585,000. This number does not take account of the unknown number of Burundi and Rwandan refugees who remain unaccounted for since the dispersal of refugee camps in Eastern DRC (then Zaire) in 1996. This number could be as high as 200,000. There are at least 23,000 Rwandan and Burundi refugees remaining in Eastern DRC. A UN investigation team, sent to look into allegations of human rights violations in Eastern DRC began work on 8 December 1997, after weeks of delays [DHA 17/11/97, IRIN 25/11/97, 08/12/97].

The number of refugees from Congo/Brazzaville in DRC increased in October until there were estimated to be 40,000 in the country. Most of these people were living with families in Kinshasa and approximately 10,000 were housed in Kinkole camp outside of Kinshasa. A measles epidemic broke out in Kinkole camp in early October. Immunisation campaigns were immediately undertaken. Since the end of hostilities, voluntary repatriation has begun, and the number of refugees remaining in DRC is currently estimated to be 30,000 [IRIN 03/12/97, WFP 03/10/97, 10/10/97].

Current estimates are that there remain 23,000 Burundi and Rwandan refugees in Eastern DRC [WFP 17/10/97]. Many feel there are up to 200,000 who are still are unaccounted for. Insecurity caused by clashes between rebel groups and government forces have led to internal displacement in Eastern DRC of over 100,000 people [DHA 17/11/97, IRIN 10-16/10/97].

A survey carried out in the village of Kitchanga (estimated population of 19,538), 90 km northwest of Goma, may give an idea of the nutritional situation in other villages in the region. Inter-ethnic conflict which has plagued the area since 1993 has led to large displacements. The nutritional status of Kichanga village had deteriorated. In February 1996, a survey showed a global malnutrition rate of 8.2% (wt/ht <-2 SD or oedema). A survey carried out in April 1997 showed only 3.3% wasting. However, oedema was measured at 8.1% (see Annex I (4d)). The survey showed that residents were more at risk of malnutrition than the displaced. This may have reflected a number of factors including the high rates of crop theft and the fact that those left in the town may have been those with the least means to leave. The crude mortality rate was 0.94/10,000/day and the under-five mortality rate was 1.37/10,000/day. Measles immunisation coverage was 54% [MSF-H Oct. 1997].

Since the above-mentioned survey, the security situation has remained tense in Eastern DRC with periodic upsurges of violence interrupting humanitarian activities. For example, during the week of 6-13 of October, food was provided in Bukavu for over 4,000 people. However, no monitoring of the distributions was possible due to the security situation. UNHCR has closed its office in Goma, and is reducing activities in Bukavu [WFP 17/10/97].

Recent reports are that chronic malnutrition (stunting) is a more serious problem among children in Eastern DRC than acute malnutrition (wasting). Specifically, it was stated that wasting varied from 6-11% with 0.1-1.3% severe wasting while stunting was 58-67% [IRIN 21/10/97]. However, some acute problems do occur. For example, during September there was an estimated 20% increase in the number of people receiving supplementary and therapeutic feeding in Goma connected with the arrival of displaced persons from Masisi.

Other refugees and IDP population in DRC: There are a number of other refugee and IDP populations in the DRC.

· Internally Displaced from Shaba There are no new nutritional data on the approximately 260,000 residents and displaced in Mwene Ditu. Most recent reports are from October 1995, and showed levels of wasting as high as 42% (see RNIS # 14). Insecurity in DRC is likely to exacerbate their already difficult situation.

· Angolan refugees There are approximately 150,000 Angolan refugees in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 50,000 of whom require assistance. Prior to an upsurge in fighting in Angola, some spontaneous repatriation was occurring (see RNIS #21).

· Sudanese refugees There are approximately 111,000 Sudanese refugees in DRC who are fleeing the continuing insecurity in Sudan (see RNIS #21).

· Ugandan refugees There are approximately 4,000 Ugandan refugees in Eastern DRC [DHA 17/11/97].

Insecurity is increasing in the country, particularly in the western prefectures. One example of this was the murder of a WFP driver when his vehicle was attacked at a check point. Since this attack, stricter measures, including military escorts, have been taken to ensure safety when delivering food. These added precautions, which have been shown to be necessary, have led to some delays in food deliveries. Intense fighting between the Rwandan army and Hutu rebels was reported in the north-western area of Gisenyi in early October and a large number of people are said to have fled. The border with the DRC has been closed by the DRC authorities in order to prevent movement of Rwandans into neighbouring Goma [IRIN 14-20/11/97, UNDPI 04/11/97, WFP 24/10/97].

Household food stocks in many prefectures are reportedly low. Food prices continue to rise, particularly for beans, a staple food, and the purchasing power of many rural families is low. As a result, more and more people are participating in food-for-work programmes [USAID 27/10/97, WFP 17/10/97].

The food security situation is not likely to improve before the January harvest. Furthermore, the prospects for the January harvest are uncertain due to a number of factors. Less than optimal rain patterns early in the growing season led to a delay in planting of nearly a month. In some areas insecurity has hampered cultivation, and some households reportedly lack sufficient agricultural inputs, such as seeds and tools [USAID 27/10/97].

There are approximately 15,000 refugees from the DRC in Mudende camp in Rwanda. Preliminary discussions with the refugees are underway on the possibility of repatriation, but no date has been set as yet [WFP 17/10/97].

Programmes aimed at helping with the reintegration of returnees and rehabilitation of infrastructure are on-going. Examples of projects currently underway include:

· the rehabilitation of rural water systems;
· the rehabilitation of schools and health centres;
· loan schemes to start small businesses;
· training programmes for women [IRC 10/10/97].

Tanzania There remain approximately 318,000 Congolese and Burundi refugees in Tanzania, The government of Tanzania is pursuing its programme to identify and resettle refugees and illegal immigrants in the towns along the Rwandan and Burundi border [DHA 17/11/97].

Since the end of September, approximately 8,500 Congolese and 8,900 Rwandans have been identified by the Government of Tanzania as living illegally in the villages of Kigoma. Most of these refugees have been transferred to camps, where some are already registered, while a few Congolese have preferred to spontaneously repatriate [WFP 01/11/97].

Some organised repatriation to DRC had been taking place. During the month of September almost 3,500 refugees returned. In addition, a further 500 refugees returned on their own. There are reportedly 45,000 refugees registered to repatriate. One constraint on the repatriation exercise is the limited capacity to receive refugees in DRC [IRIN 24/11/97, WFP 03/10/97, 10/10/97, 05/12/97].

Malnutrition in Refugee Camps in Tanzania Aug-Sep 1997

Surveys carried out in Kasulu District (estimated population for the four camps is 146,000) in September 1997 showed levels of wasting varying from 2.3-5.4% (see Annex I (e-h)). This is a significant improvement over results from a survey in April, when levels of wasting were as high as 23%. The under-five mortality rate was 1.2/10,000/day, and measles immunisation coverage varied from 57.8% -79.1%. Although the food pipeline has been stable in camps like Nyarugusu since March 1997 there have been some complaints that the food distributed is not sufficient for the two week period and that certain commodities like green peas and white maize meal cause abdominal problems. Selective feeding programme coverage in this camp is also poor at only 28% and 46% for supplementary and therapeutic feeding programmes respectively. Water availability in Nyarugusu is also poor at only 12.6 litres per person per day [AEF 23/04/97, 29/08/97, UNHCR 18/09/97].

Survey results from the four camps in the Kibondo district (estimated population 60,000) showed levels of wasting ranging from 1.3-5.6% (see Annex I (4i-l)). These results are comparable to those from a survey carried out in April, except for Nduta camp. Measles immunisation coverage varied from 68.1% -82.3%. These camps have received a stable general ration and residents have also had access to small plots of land where they have been able to grow vegetables and some other crops. However, in some of the camps supplementary feeding programmes coverage is very poor. For example, in Mtendelti camp only 9% of moderately malnourished children reported participation in the feeding programme [IRC 30/08/97, 01/09/97, 03/09/97, 05/09/97, UNHCR 18/09/97].

In April, wasting in Nduta camp (population estimated at 13,735) was measured at 11.7% (see RNIS #20). In response, a blanket feeding programme was implemented to provide 200 grams of blended food per day to children under five years old. In the September survey, wasting was measured at 1.3% with 0.4% severe wasting. No cases of oedema were seen. Measles vaccination coverage was 82.3%. The reduction in levels of wasting is largely attributed to the blanket feeding and to the fact that there are far fewer new arrivals to the camp showing a compromised nutritional condition [IRC 01/09/97, UNHCR 18/09/97, WFP 14/11/97].

A two month buffer stock of food was pre-positioned in all the refugee camps in October. This was done because in the past, the rains, which normally fall in November and April, often make access to the camps difficult, if not impossible. This pre-positioning will allow for uninterrupted food distributions should the camps become temporarily inaccessible due to rains [WFP 10/10/97].

Overall, in regroupment camps where surveys have been carried out, high levels of severe wasting and elevated mortality rates indicate these populations are at high risk (category I in Table 1). The remaining population in Burundi is likely to be in a similar situation (category IIa in Table 1), although there are no data currently available. The refugee and displaced populations in Congo/Brazzaville can be considered to be at moderate risk (category IIb in Table 1) since insecurity is hampering some relief efforts. The IDPs and refugees from Uganda in DRC can be considered to be at moderate risk (category IIb in Table 1), and the remaining refugees in DRC are not currently considered to be at heightened risk (category IIc in Table 1).

The affected population in Rwanda can be considered to be at moderate risk (category IIb in Table 1) and the refugees in Tanzania are not currently considered to be at heightened risk (category IIc in Table 1).

Ongoing Interventions: Given the uncertainty of the status of the regroupment camps in Burundi, it is difficult to plan strategies and interventions. Close monitoring of the nutritional situation in these camps should, however, be continued and short-term interventions undertaken where feasible. Funding for the WFP internal flight network in Burundi needs to be found if this important operation is not to be suspended. In Bubanza province, the current coverage of the general ration programme needs to be investigated and there is an urgent need for a targeted feeding programmes. Furthermore, there needs to be verification of suspected micronutrient malnutrition.

In the Congo/Brazzaville, a flash appeal for food, shelter, health care, sanitation, seeds and tools needs to be met in order not to waste the opportunity to rapidly normalise the humanitarian situation. With the advent of the rainy season, there is an increasing risk of epidemics, making water and sanitation provision top priorities.

The Government of DRC has recently estimated the cost of a proposed reconstruction plan at $1.29 billion, $728 million of which it hopes will be covered by donors. The Eastern DRC is still lacking medical supplies. Furthermore, immunisations not regularly being carried out, suggesting these programmes need further support. Furthermore, in Kitchanga and other villages in areas which have recently experienced insecurity, there may be a need to establish therapeutic and supplementary feeding facilities and to consider the implementation of measles vaccination campaigns.

Rwanda will require increasing support in the form of food aid until the January harvest. Much of this support, which may still be required after January, will need to be in the provision of expanded food-for-work programmes which can partly address the need to rebuild the country's devastated infrastructure. It is also important to provide agricultural inputs before the next planting season.

Although the nutritional situation in the camps in Tanzania is generally good, there are some specific problems. In Nduta camp, there is a need to improve the community outreach of health workers so that they can identify a greater number of cases of malnutrition for referral to feeding centres, thereby improving feeding programme coverage. There is a similar need in Mtendelti camp. In Nyarugusu camp there is an urgent need to improve the water supply and investigate complaints about the general ration. Selective feeding programme coverage also needs improvement through strengthening health worker outreach. There is a need to improve measles immunisation coverage in many of the Tanzanian camps.

5. Central African Republic

Periodic mutinies among the Central African Republic (CAR) military have occurred since April 1996. Peace accords were signed in January 1997, and a peace keeping force was established. Further clashes between army mutineers and peacekeepers in Bangui at the end of June led to the displacement of up to 100,000 people who left the capital city and moved to Samba and Bimon, south-west of the city. There was concern that this increased population would strain local services, and that food, shelter, clean drinking water and medicines would be in short supply. However, most of the displaced people have now returned home [DHA 11/07/97, UN 06/08/97, WFP 04/07/97].

Efforts are being focused on strengthening the peace process in CAR to avoid this sporadic violence. For example, a UNDP initiative will help demobilise and reintegrate soldiers into civilian life, design a disarmament strategy, and plan a national conference on reconciliation [UNDP 28/07/97].

The 20,000 Chadian refugees in CAR have repatriated and the approximately 25,000 Sudanese refugees have reportedly attained self-sufficiency and no longer require emergency assistance [WFP 10/12/97].

6. Djibouti

There are approximately 25,000 Somali and Ethiopian refugees in Djibouti requiring food aid. Currently cash and food aid pledges are urgently needed for this operation [WFP 14/10/97].

7. Ethiopia

There are approximately 394,000 refugees in Ethiopia comprised of 278,000 Somali refugee, 53,000 Sudanese refugees, 8,700 Kenyan refugees, 18,000 Djibouti refugees, 11,000 internally displaced people around Addis Ababa and a further 25,000 people in the Dollo region, including 10,000 people in Gode.

A food assessment mission in June 1996 recommended diversifying the food basket supplied to the Somali refugees in Eastern Ethiopia. This was implemented at the beginning of January 1997 when the cereal ration was reduced but sugar and Famix were added. Unfortunately, this change led to a reduction in calories provided as sugar and Famix could not be supplied regularly. The effect has been to reduce caloric levels of the general ration by between 100-200 kcals per person per day. A blanket feeding programme for all children under five years old was initiated in 1996. In order to assess the impact of these changes surveys were scheduled for the August/September period of 1997. The last RNIS report included preliminary results of these surveys. The final results are summarised here since they differ from the preliminary findings.

Levels of Wasting over time in Somalia Refugee Camps Ethiopia

In the August surveys, levels of wasting in the camps varied from 8.5-19.2%. This shows a generally decreasing trend in rates of malnutrition, although the overall nutritional status remains poor. Measles immunisation coverage was estimated at 83%. The survey team largely attributed the slight improvement in nutritional status in the Eastern camps to the successful blanket feeding programme but also recommended re-examining the adequacy of the general ration. Feeding programme coverage was generally good except for the blanket feeding in Kebre Beyeh where the low figure of 61.4% is mainly attributed to the large number of new arrivals and unregistered refugees in the camp [UNHCR 29/10/97].

There are approximately 53,000 Sudanese refugees in four camps in Western Ethiopia. Following the previous assessment mission in 1996, the general ration provided to three of the camps was cut from 2150 to 1600 kcals/person/day on the basis that refugees in these camps were becoming increasingly self-sufficient. Sherkole, the newest of the camps is provided with 2,200 kcals/person/day. With the exception of Sherkole, there is no blanket supplementary feeding in these camps. Levels of wasting in the camps varied from 10.8-27.2% with severe wasting of 1.3-4.2%. This shows a marked deterioration when compared with previous survey results which varied from 6-17.6%. These elevated levels of wasting indicate a need to review the assumption of partial self-sufficiency upon which previous ration reductions were made. In Fugnido camp, where the nutritional situation is most dire, refugees are very dependent on an inadequate general ration and appear less able to support additional food needs than was assumed in 1996. The increased levels of wasting in the camps may also reflect the fact that the full food basket has not consistently been delivered so that rations reached a new low in July and August 1997 of only 1447 kcals per person per day [UNHCR 29/10/97].

Measles immunisation coverage varied from 30.9-97.2%. Sherkole and Fugnido camps had the lowest coverage, but in the case of Sherkole, the EPI programme has not been fully established and the population has more than tripled since the last campaign. Logistical constraints (manpower and vehicles) were largely determined to be the main obstacles in Fugnido camp [UNHCR 29/10/97].

Cyclical droughts, insufficient water catchment systems and broken pumps all contribute to severe water insecurities in all camps. This is directly related to increased malnutrition rates and also leads to population movements which further contribute to food insecurity. Insufficient rains in the western camps this year led to a greatly reduced harvest which it is predicted will have a longer term impact on nutritional status.

Flooding is reported in the Gode region of Ethiopia. There are approximately 10,000 returnees in this area and most recent survey information was from May 1997 and showed over 50% wasting (see RNIS #20). Several areas are cut off from road transport, and supplies are being airlifted in [WFP 05/12/97].

Overall, while the nutritional situation in the Eastern camps shows a slightly improving trend, levels of wasting remain elevated and this population can be considered to be at heightened risk (category I in Table 1). The exception to this would be the populations in Rabasso and Daror camps which can be considered to be at moderate risk (category IIb in Table 1).

The Sudanese refugees in the Western camps can be considered to be at heightened risk (category I in Table 1) due to high levels of wasting. Those in the Gode region, affected by flooding are also at high risk. No information is currently available on the internally displaced, those in Dollo, or the Kenyan refugees (category IIc in Table 1).

Ongoing interventions: The adequacy of the general ration should be reviewed in the eastern camps due to high prevalence of malnutrition. The blanket supplementary feeding should be continued in all camps and efforts should be made to improve coverage of this programme in Kebre Beyeh. In the western camps, there is an urgent need to review assumptions about self-sufficiency, especially in camps like Fugnido. General rations should be adjusted accordingly. The problem of adult and adolescent malnutrition should also be investigated. Further attention must also be given to improving immunisation coverage in Fugnido and Sherkole, as well as coverage of all feeding programmes in the Western camps.

8. Kenya

There are approximately 175,000 refugees in two main areas in Kenya. This total number is comprised of 132,000 Somali, 37,000 Sudanese and 6,000 Ethiopian refugees [UNHCR 31/10/97].

There were approximately 132,000 Somali refugees in three camps in the Dadaab region of Kenya. Most of these refugees arrived in 1991-2, fleeing fighting which accompanied the over-throw of the military rulers. Recent flooding has led to the spontaneous evacuation of most people in these camps. Information below describes the situation prior to the flooding.

Surveys carried out in January 1997 showed very high levels of wasting of 26-33%. In response, a blanket feeding programme was begun in March. A follow-up survey in August 1997 showed an improved situation with wasting 10.4-17.6% and severe wasting 0.8-1.7% (see Annex I (8a-c)). Measles immunisation coverage, confirmed by a vaccination card, was 95% in two of the camps. In Hagadera camp, coverage was 90%. It has been suggested that the increase in levels of wasting seen between November 1996 and January 1997 were due to a serious outbreak of diarrhoea combined with a seasonal peak in malaria. Furthermore, the situation had begun to improve before the introduction of the blanket feeding. The under-five mortality rate had decreased to 0.4/10,000/day [MSF-B Aug. 97, MSF-B 12/10/97].

Under-five Mortality Rates in the Dadaab Area Camps for Somali Refugees

*Blanket supplementary feeding programme began:

In addition, scurvy has been identified as a seasonal problem in these camps. Cases of scurvy are often noted during the August-December period, which coincides with a reduction in the availability of camel milk and what little fresh vegetables are sometimes available. The micronutrient content of the ration has been deficient in vitamin C, and other micronutrients. Efforts to distribute micronutrient-rich foods, such as fresh vegetables, have been mostly unsuccessful due to the remote location of the camps and a drought in the area leading to reduced production. Blended foods were not distributed in the general ration until September. It is not known, however, how much vitamin C remains in CSB after cooking. Vitamin supplements have been provided to children in feeding programmes over the last year. More recently, questions have been raised over the validity of the diagnosis of scurvy in the camps [SCF 23/09/97, UNHCR 20/11/97].

A household food economy assessment was carried out in September to update information obtained in September 1996. The report stresses that the situation for these refugees has changed little and they remain highly dependent on food aid. In some cases, these people are "thought to be slightly worse off than they were a year ago. This is attributed to many factors including the arrivals of refugees transferred from other camps, irregularities in food commodities distributed, and drought in the area. A number of fundamental barriers to increased self-reliance were also mentioned in the assessment, For example, the camps are in a semi-arid environment and travel outside the camp is officially restricted [SCF 23/09/97].

Heavy rains at the end of November led to flooding and it is reported that most of the refugees have fled the camps in search of higher ground. It is reported that shelters have collapsed, food stocks have been destroyed, and latrines have been flooded. Food and non-food items are being airlifted into flood-affected areas [WFP 21/11/97, 05/12/97].

There are approximately 48,000 refugees in Kakuma camps, mainly of Sudanese origin. A survey in April 1997 showed high prevalences of wasting and anaemia among children under five years old and school age children. Unaccompanied boys were noted as being particularly severely affected by anaemia.

Questions were raised about the validity of these findings, and, after a further screening and validation exercise, it was concluded jointly by UNHCR and the International Rescue Committee (IRC) that the prevalence of wasting was likely to be at or below 5% less than 80% of the median weight for height for children under five years old. A school feeding programme has been initiated for 17,000 children, and it was further recommended that adequate health care services be provided along with vitamin A, iron, folic acid and vitamin C on a regular basis [UNHCR 17/11/97].

A recent household food economy assessment concluded that the major source of food for the Kakuma population remains food aid. There are a number of constraints preventing refugees from becoming more self-sufficient, including the limited potential for farming, a ban on owning livestock and difficulties in travelling outside of the camp. There are also problems with erratic general ration commodity supplies. Although efforts are always made to compensate for the calories of a missing general ration commodity, the nutrient value is often not replaced. Food commodity supplies have been more irregular than last year (no beans for two and a half months from January and no oil for two and a half months between June and August). The ration is deficient in certain micronutrients although some efforts have been made to provide complementary foods like cabbage and dried fish. However, these commodities have been provided in such small quantities that the micronutrient shortfall in the general ration has remained considerable. The assessment concluded that the situation for the majority of the camp had deteriorated slightly since last year. However, the ability of certain individuals to "recycle" and therefore obtain extra ration cards may have gone some way to offset factors that undermined food security [SCF 19/09/97].

Both the Dadaab and Kakuma camps have problems in providing the full general ration allocation at each distribution. Breaks in the pipeline for different commodities are not uncommon. Many of the difficulties are due to the remoteness of the refugee sites and transportation, particularly during the rainy season.

Overall, the nutritional data available on the refugees in the Dadaab camps points to an improving situation. However, recent flooding has disrupted camp facilities, and these refugees are at heightened risk of mortality due to flooding (category IIa in Table 1). The situation for those in the Kakuma camps is less dire than previously available information indicated. This population can be considered to be at moderate risk due to the irregular supply of the ration (category IIb in Table 1).

Ongoing interventions: The Dadaab camps will need rebuilding once flood levels recede. These camps also require redoubled efforts to provide the general ration food basket in future distributions. UN and donors must commit themselves to meeting these needs. The blanket supplementary feeding programme should continue as long as general rations remain inadequate. At the same time it may prove useful and instructive to investigate whether it is cost effective to implement a blanket feeding rather than improve general ration provision. Furthermore, questions have been raised on the veracity of scurvy diagnoses in the camps. These need to be validated.

An assessment is needed in Kakuma camp to determine whether the water table can tolerate increased water extraction leading to pumping in order to enhance tapstand gardens. There is also a need to address elevated levels of anaemia in school-age children.

9. Liberia/Sierra Leone Region

After almost twenty years of civil war, the peace process in Liberia seems firmly in place. Almost all areas in the country are now accessible. Internally displaced people are beginning to return home and repatriation is scheduled to begin before the end of 1997. In Sierra Leone, there is guarded optimism since the signing of a peace accord to end the fighting which has been ongoing since a coup d'etat in May 1997. Somewhat increased access to populations in conjunction with the recent harvest is likely to be having a positive effect on the nutritional situation of the population.

Population estimates for refugee and IDP populations over time are summarised in the box below:

Location	Jun. 96	Sep. 96	Dec. 96	Mar. 97	Jun. 97	Sep. 97	Dec. 97
Liberia	1,800,000	1,800,000	1,800,000	1,100,000	710,000	700,000	700,000
Sierra Leone	756,000	609,000	609,000	548,000	453,000	453,000	200,000*
Cote d'Ivoire	305,000	305,000	305,000	305,000	305,000	210,000	210,000
Guinea	536,000	536,000	536,000	536,000	545,000	405,000	405,000
Total	3,397,000	3,250,000	3,250,000	2,489,000	2,013,000	1,768,000	1,515,000

* Numbers requiring humanitarian assistance may be far higher than the current estimate.

The stable security situation has allowed for improved food security in many areas. Populations are able to obtain more food for themselves, and humanitarian aid can be delivered. This is resulting in an improvement in the nutritional status in many areas. For example, a survey carried out in Upper Bong county in September showed 6.7% wasting with 0.4% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 1.9% (see Annex I (9a)). Survey results overtime are shown in the graph below. Measles coverage, confirmed by a vaccination card, was 45.5%. Coverage not confirmed by a card (i.e. mother's recollection) was 20.1%. While these coverages are still low, they do show an improving trend. However, food security is still poor in some areas. For example, a recent report indicated that farmers in Nimba country were borrowing food and that there were few food commodities on the market [WFP 03/10/97, ACF 12/09/97].

Malnutrition in Upper Bong County, Liberia overtime

Organised repatriation is scheduled to begin before the end of 1997 for the approximately 480,000 Liberian refugees in neighbouring countries. It is estimated that to date about 120,000 refugees have spontaneously returned - mainly from Cote d'Ivoire and Guinea. The repatriation process is scheduled to be completed by the end of 1998. Internally displaced people are also reportedly returning home. For example, a recent verification exercise in the shelters for displaced people in Monrovia showed a decrease of 16,000 people. A number of quick impact projects to rehabilitate roads, schools and clinics have been carried out as part of re-integration activities for returnees [UNHCR Oct. 97, WFP 03/10/97].

The twenty year war has left the country's infrastructure in total ruins, and schools, roads and health centres will need to be rebuilt. Areas of the country which are still inaccessible remain so due to a lack of roads. Some of the necessary reconstruction work is underway and is being implemented as food-for-work projects [DHA 30/09/97, 29/10/97].

Sierra Leone A coup d'etat in May 1997 threw the country back into a state of war, with widespread fighting and population displacements. As a result of the coup, sanctions were imposed by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), but humanitarian goods have been excluded from the embargo. A peace accord was signed on 22 October 1997. The peace accord made provisions for an immediate cease-fire, the restoration of the constitutional government, the return of refugees and internally displaced people, and the increased delivery of humanitarian aid. Although the cease-fire seems to have generally been holding there have been several reports of insecurity. There are at least 200,000 people internally displaced and requiring humanitarian assistance in Sierra Leone; many more who are not displaced are likely to need assistance [DHA-a 28/10/97, IRIN-WA 18-24/10/97, 06/11/97, WFP 24/10/97, 07/11/97].

Recent nutrition survey data points to a deteriorating situation in many areas. Makeni is a town in the Northern province where many have fled insecurity in surrounding areas. A survey conducted in Makeni town April 1996 showed 13% wasting and/or oedema with 4% severe wasting and/or oedema. These results led to the opening of a therapeutic feeding centre. A follow-up survey in October showed 13.2% wasting with 1.4% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 0.8% (see Annex I (9b)). These results are comparable to those from the April survey. Measles immunisation coverage, confirmed by a vaccination card, was low at 39.1% [ACF 29/10/97].

In Bombali district wasting was measured at 14.2% with 1.3% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 1.3%. Measles immunisation coverage, as confirmed by a vaccination card, was low at 35.4%. A further 35.5% of the mothers said their child had been immunised. In Tonkolili district wasting was measured at 17.7% with 1.9% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 1.2%. Measles immunisation coverage, as confirmed by a vaccination card, was low at 28.2%. A further 26.5% of the mothers said their child had been immunised (see Annex I (9c-d)) [ACF 29/10/97].

These surveys were carried out just before the harvest, at the end of the 'lean period'. Since many of these people are farmers, an improvement in the nutritional situation is likely following the November harvest. It is expected that this harvest will be improved in many areas. This is due to a number of factors. First, the influx of the RUF into urban areas has made it safer to farm. Second, villagers have been living in the bush close to their farms making it more difficult for armed groups to loot crops, Third, the recent insecurity in Freetown resulted in the forced resettlement of many to their farms. However, there are still many areas where harvests would have been adversely affected by the displacements which occurred [IRIN 14-18/10/97, ACF 29/10/97].

The resurgence of insecurity in the country in May and a subsequent embargo led to a marked decrease in the humanitarian aid provided. Humanitarian aid is meant to be exempt form the embargo, but there are reportedly difficulties importing supplies. Agencies have been distributing supplies they had in stock, but these are mostly depleted. If problems and delays with importing humanitarian aid are not resolved, there is likely to be a negative impact on the nutritional situation in many parts of the country [ACT 23/10/97, IRIN-WA 14/11/97, WV 11/12/97].

In an attempt to have a comprehensive picture of the humanitarian situation in Sierra Leone, an inter-agency emergency monitoring system has been set up. This will track the health status of the population by collecting information on mortality, morbidity and malnutrition. The food security situation will be monitored by tracking market prices, population movements, and harvest data [DHA-a 28/10/97].

Cote d'Ivoire There are approximately 210,000 Liberian refugees in Cote d'Ivoire. There are no reports of change to their generally adequate and stable nutrition situation of this refugee population. Repatriation for these refugees is scheduled to begin in 1998 [UNHCR Oct. 97].

Guinea There are estimated to be 170,000 Sierra Leonean refugees and 235,000 Liberian refugees in Guinea. Some spontaneous repatriation has already taken place, and a further 45,000 people are expected to repatriate in 1997. The remainder will repatriate in 1998 [UNHCR Cot 97].

Overall, the affected population in Sierra Leone can be considered to be at heightened risk due to continuing insecurity and reduced humanitarian relief receipt (category IIa in Table 1). The rest of the population affected regionally is probably not at heightened nutritional risk (category IIc in Table 1).

Ongoing interventions: As repatriation to Liberia begins, the need to rehabilitate the country's infrastructure intensifies, i.e. schools, roads, water and sanitation and health services. Nutritional surveillance systems need to be established in country as agencies begin to consider withdrawing. More specifically, in Upper Bong County measles immunisation coverage needs to be improved and the efficacy of the present vaccination system should probably be re-assessed. Efforts to collect information on food security in the area should also be intensified.

The inter-agency food and health monitoring systems in Sierra Leone are critical initiatives and should be supported with resources as required. Measles immunisation coverage in Makeni town, and Bombali and Tonkolili districts needs to be increased. Furthermore, there is a requirement for regular nutritional surveillance in these areas and continuous screening of children for admission to feeding centres.

11. Somalia

Insecurity in Somalia has persisted since the eruption of civil war in 1988 and the overthrow of the military rulers in 1991. Since that time there has been no effective government in the country. Continuous insecurity combined with low crop yields has led to heightened food insecurity in many areas of the country. Low crop yields can be directly attributed to the insecurity, rainfall patterns, lack of agricultural inputs, and plant pests and diseases. The total cereal production for the 'Gu' season was unchanged from last year but 37% lower than pre-war averages.

The recent 'Deyr' rains have been the heaviest recorded since 1992 and have caused extensive flooding in many areas in southern Somalia but in particular around the Shabelle and Juba rivers. In some areas the rainfall has been measured at over 600% the usual level. Initial aerial surveys indicated destruction of homes and planted crops affecting thousands of families. Many thousands of livestock have also been lost. Hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced. In addition, roads have been washed away, trapping many people in the areas around the flooded villages [WFP 01/11/97, WV 31/10/97]. The numbers of people requiring emergency assistance in Somalia are estimated at 1.2 million people. These include beneficiaries of food for work projects, returnees and IDPs. There are at least 240,000 people requiring immediate assistance due to flooding; some of these people were already targeted with projects mentioned above.

Southern Somalia - Vulnerability in the Sorghum Belt, October-December 1997

An assessment in October in what is referred to as the sorghum belt of southern Somalia (Bay, Bakool and Hiraan regions) showed that insecurity coupled with poor growing conditions have led to the depletion of household food reserves. It was estimated that 173,000 vulnerable people in the sorghum belt required food assistance until mid-December. In early October 1997, distributions of seeds to many needy households affected by droughts, floods or conflict were undertaken. However, at approximately the same time, a deteriorating security situation, which led to mines being planted along major transport routes, interfered with food distributions. The insecurity also hindered the free flow of information from areas considered to be vulnerable [FSAU 15/10/97, USAID 27/10/97].

Relief programmes are being carried out for those displaced by the flooding and continuing insecurity wherever possible. These include deliveries of blankets, high energy biscuits and medicines. However, access to populations in need is difficult and deliveries are being undertaken by boat. Where possible stocks are being pre-positioned [ICRC 06/11/97, WFP 31/10/97, 28/11/97, 05/12/97].

Overall, the current displacement has exacerbated the vulnerability of many families. "Many people have lost their few remaining resources and the flood-affected population can be considered to be at heightened nutritional risk (category IIa in Table 1). The remaining population can be considered to be at moderate risk (category IIb in Table 1). Furthermore, the loss of crops, which were due to be harvested in January 1998, will determine that many will remain exceeding vulnerable until the next harvest in July and that as food prices rise due to scarcity many more households will become at risk.

Ongoing interventions: Some of the most urgent needs for those affected by the floods are for shelter and household items. Access is difficult, and boats and helicopters are required to reach the affected populations. An inter-agency response has outlined the need for these items, as well as medical supplies and food. It is estimated that 20,000 metric tons of food will be needed for the next six to seven months.

In addition to food, hospitals lack medicines and supplies. This is particularly worrying since current conditions are conducive to cholera which is endemic in the region. A priority is therefore the provision of safe drinking water. It will also prove vital to carefully monitor outbreaks of cholera, malaria and other water borne diseases. At the same time anti-malarials, cholera kits and water treatment systems should be readily available. In addition to these short term needs, there is an ongoing need for agronomic inputs, e.g. seeds and pesticides, etc. to strengthen production capacity in the coming months once the flood waters recede.

11. Sudan

There are currently 2.8 million people in Sudan in need of emergency humanitarian aid. This total number includes at least 2.2 million people in Southern Sudan, 374,000 in the transitional zone, 80,000 in Khartoum and approximately 138,000 Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees.

Khartoum There are no new nutritional data on the approximately 80,000 internally displaced people in camps around Khartoum. Past reports have indicated high levels of wasting among this population (see RNIS #16, 14).

Red Sea State A deteriorating food security situation was noted in the Red Sea State area in northeast Sudan in October 1996 due to a series of droughts. This led to the undertaking of a nutritional survey in some provinces which showed very high levels of wasting and some population displacement as a result of lack of food (see RNIS #18). Supplementary feeding programmes were set up, along with general food distributions.

A recent survey was carried out in order to describe the overall situation in Port Sudan and the rural areas, including both resident and displaced populations. In Port Sudan Town, wasting and/or oedema was measured at 10.1% with 1.2% severe wasting and/or oedema. The under-five mortality rate was 1.12/10,000/day. Adult malnutrition¹ was also measured and led to the finding that 21.8% of women were malnourished (BMI<18.5, indicating mild energy deficiency) with 6.2% severely malnourished (BMI<16, indicating severe energy deficiency). Women may be especially vulnerable due to male migration to towns at this difficult time of year since not all males who migrate get jobs and remit money (see Annex I (11 a-b)) [MOH/OXFAM 06/10/97].

¹ Cut-offs and interpretations for BMI measurements from: Bailey, K.V. and Ferro-Luzzi, A.. Use of body mass index of adults in assessing individual and community nutritional status. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1995, 73 (5): 673-680. See 'Indicators' box on back cover.

In both the urban and rural population risk of malnutrition for children increase when complementary foods are introduced (generally at 4-6 months in Port Sudan and 12 months in the rural areas), although there is a bigger increase in the rural areas. This may be partly due to the fact that milk which is used as one of the first complementary foods period has become scarcer due to the droughts [MOH/OXFAM 06/10/97].

Although there has been considerable loss of livestock with the successive droughts, the main form of livelihood amongst the rural population is still livestock production. The terms of trade for livestock has improved considerably since the survey last year [MOH/OXFAM 06/10/97].

Currently, the coastal areas of the Red Sea Hills and those along the Nile are threatened by rising waters across eastern Africa. As a result, inhabitants of Port Sudan may be at risk of outbreaks of cholera and other infectious diseases [IFRC 19/11/97].

Southern Sudan A war between Southern Sudanese and Government forces has been ongoing for almost fifteen years. Peace talks aimed at bringing about an end to the war have been initiated on several occasions. The most recent talks took place at the end of October 1997, but reached no conclusive accords [IRIN 31 Oct - 6 Nov 97, SCIO 15/11/97, WFP 31/10/97].

There has been a general deterioration in the security situation in Southern Sudan. For example, continued fighting around Juba and in Bahr-el-Ghazal is leading to new population movements and rendering people food insecure. The fighting continues to jeopardise humanitarian efforts in the area. In another example, almost 2,000 people fled their homes in Torit due to rebel activity. Estimated food aid needs for the November-December period in 1997 were three times those for the corresponding period in 1996 [IRIN 28/11/97, OLS 13/10/97, WFP 17/10/97].

There are reports of malnutrition amongst many of the internally displaced populations in southern Sudan. For example, recent reports indicated malnutrition amongst concentrated groups of displaced in a number of areas in Juba county. Aid is distributed with Government clearance and as security allows. In the first three weeks of October food had been delivered to over 195,000 people though the southern corridor [WFP 24/10/97].

Nutritional surveys often confirm a high prevalence of malnutrition as recently occurred with a survey in August in Aswa camp, near Nimule on the Sudan-Uganda border. This camp was established in 1996, and has had a relatively stable population until May 1997. At that time, there was an influx of newly displaced people and the population increased from approximately 3,800 to 5,300. From May-August 1997, the number of children enrolled in supplementary feeding programmes increased steadily and at the end of August a nutritional survey showed 26.3% wasting with 2.9% severe wasting. No cases of oedema were reported (see Annex I (11e)). Only 38.6% of malnourished children were found to be enrolled at feeding centres [ACF 23/08/97].

The population is divided into two groups for ration distribution. Those who have been in the camp for a while receive a half ration while the newer arrivals receive a full ration. There appear to be several factors leading to this high prevalence of wasting. The ration is meant to provide 1800 kcals/person/day, but oil has been missing from the ration since July 1997. In addition, this population receives seeds and tools but the new arrivals were too late for this distribution. Furthermore, the harvests of those who had received the seeds and tools was poor due to drought. Also, new arrivals had to wait up to two months to receive food aid during which time they were dependent on the generosity of neighbours and scavenging for wild food [ACF 23/08/97].

A recurring problem with food distribution delays in Southern Sudan is highlighted by events in Aswa camp. In July, CSB was provided (by mistake) for the supplementary feeding centre instead of the usual UNIMIX. However, two weeks were required to obtain the authorisation necessary to distribute this commodity, during which time no food was distributed through the supplementary feeding programme [ACF 23/08/97].

Ethiopian and Eritrean Refugees There are approximately 400,000 Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in Sudan, 138,000 of whom require assistance. There are no reports of change to their nutritional status. The most recent nutritional data available is from December 1996, when levels of wasting varied from 3.2-15.7% (see RNIS #19).

Overall, the displaced population around Khartoum can be considered to be at moderate risk of malnutrition and associated mortality (category IIb in Table 1) due to past reports of high levels of wasting and limited access by humanitarian agencies. The displaced population in the Red Sea State can be considered to be at high risk (category I in Table 1), as can the population in Aswa camp in Southern Sudan. The remaining population in Southern Sudan can be considered to be at moderate risk, although there are undoubtedly pockets of high risk. The Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees are probably not currently at heightened risk (category IIc in Table 1).

Ongoing interventions: General ration distributions and selective feeding programmes should be continued in the Red Sea State. Vitamin distributions should also be continued. Other initiatives to improve nutritional and food security would include project to assist in the re-stocking of livestock and support to MOH for their vitamin A distribution programme.

An OLS Needs Assessment will form the basis for the 1998 Appeal for Southern Sudan. However, in the meantime food pledges are needed to fill pipeline gaps. As procedures for distribution authorisation disrupt food aid provision, some exploration of possible alternative procedures may prove useful. In Aswa camp for the displaced, agencies should continue operating the supplementary feeding programme and include oil with the current ration of 300 gms of UNIMIX. The camp population would also benefit from improving outreach of health care workers in order to improve coverage of the feeding centre. The nutritional status in the camp should be re-assessed in six months time.

12. Uganda

The number of refugees and IDPs identified as requiring assistance in Uganda is estimated to be at least 586,000 people. This represents an increase from the last RNIS report, due to an increased numbers of IDPs. In fact, the number of IDPs is changing rapidly and may well be higher than that cited. Numbers are broken down by country of origin in the box below:

Origin	Jun. 96	Sep. 96	Dec. 96	Mar 97	Jun. 97	Sep. 97	Dec. 97
Sudanese Refugees	214,000	214,000	214,000	225,000	165,000	175,000	176,000
IDPs	-	20,000	200,000	200,000	150,000	270,000	382,000
Rwandan Refugees	7,000	7,000	11,500	14,500	17,000	14,000	14,000
Refugees from DRC	12,300	15,800	15,800	28,800	21,000	14,000	14,000
Total	233,3000	256,800	441,300	468,300	353,000	473,000	586,000

Insecurity caused by fighting between government forces and rebel factions is leading to large-scale population movements in many areas of the country. In the early months of 1997, the conflict was largely restricted to the north and northwest areas of the country. By July, areas in the south western regions were also affected. The situation remains fluid - often as one areas stabilises another experiences an escalation in conflict. Fresh displacements occur with each upsurge in fighting, with some small-scale returns when the fighting subsides. Food resettlement packages have been given in a number of areas, but insecurity often disrupts humanitarian agency work [ICRC 12/11/97, USAID 27/10/97, WFP 03/10/97, 07/11/97]. There are no nutritional details available on the displaced population, but insecurity and the onset of the rainy season are hampering food aid deliveries. This is likely to have a negative impact on the nutritional situation of these people.

There are approximately 176,000 Sudanese refugees in settlements in northern parts of Uganda, 2,000 of whom have recently arrived, fleeing fighting around the southern Sudanese town of Torit. Many of these people have small plots of land to farm and are partially self-sufficient. A survey carried out in Mongola settlement (population 10,800) showed 4.1% wasting, with no severe wasting, oedema was measured at 0.1%. In the surrounding villages (total population 3,200), wasting was measured at 5.9% with 0.5% severe wasting. Oedema was measured at 0.8% (see Annex I (12a-b)). These results show a drastic decrease in prevalence of wasting since December which has occurred in spite of the fact that general ration deliveries to this population have been erratic with half rations delivered on some occasions. These relatively low levels of malnutrition can be partially explained by a harvest of groundnuts and maize in the weeks preceding the survey. Although an improvement since the previous survey, coverage of the supplementary feeding programme in the surrounding villages was only 40.5% while in the settlement coverage was 62.5% [ACF Sep. 97, IRIN 28/11/97].

The number of Congolese and Rwandan refugees in Uganda has remained constant over the reporting period at almost 28,000 people. There are no new reports on the nutritional situation of this population.

Flooding due to unusually heavy rains in western parts of the country have led to the displacement of up to 150,000 people [IRIN 04/12/97].

Overall, the refugee and displaced populations in Uganda can be considered to be at moderate risk (category Mb in Table 1) due to ongoing insecurity and flooding.

Ongoing interventions: There is a need for nutritional surveys in areas of conflict and displacement as and when security permits. More specifically, in Mongola settlement there is a need for home visiting to screen children for admission to feeding centres as coverage is presently low. There should also be another nutritional survey in April 1998 during the "hungry season" period.

13. Zambia

There are approximately 100,000 Angolan refugees in Zambia, 15,000 of whom require humanitarian assistance. Recent reports are that 1,500 of these refugees have repatriated [IRIN 05/12/97]. There are also approximately 10,000 refugees from DRC.